Abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming: Abstract Classes and Interfaces in C++, Java and Python
How abstract classes, interfaces and Python protocols separate what code does from how, with a testable clock example in C++, Java and Python.
Python
Encapsulation in Object-Oriented Programming: Private State and Invariants in C++, Java and Python
How private state and checking methods keep an object valid, why a getter can leak it, and how Python gets encapsulation from properties and convention.
Inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming: Types, Examples in C++, Java and Python, and When Not to Use It
One base class and two subclasses written in C++, Java and Python, the five types of inheritance, and why a subclass counted six tags when three were added.
Puzzles for Programmers and Pros
“Puzzles for Programmers and Pros” is a treasure trove of brain-teasing challenges designed to enhance logical thinking and coding skills. Whether you’re a beginner or a seasoned pro, this book offers a unique blend of fun and learning.
Programming Languages Used by the World’s Most Popular Websites (2026)
What programming languages power Google, Meta, Amazon and TikTok in 2026? The verified stacks, layer by layer — and which language to learn for each.
Knowledge: How to validate JSON data return is valid?
There are several scenarios where we need different types of JSON validation. In this article, we will cover the following. Here, we will have a look at how to validate incoming JSON data. To check if all required fields are present in the JSON and validate the data.
Panda3D: Disney’s Open-Source C++ and Python Game Engine in 2026
The engine behind Toontown Online is still free, BSD-licensed and maintained. Here’s how Panda3D’s C++ core and Python layer work, with a tested example and the games built on it.
Kruskal’s Algorithm in C and C++ (Minimum Spanning Tree)
Kruskal’s algorithm builds a minimum spanning tree by sorting edges and rejecting cycles with union-find. Tested C, C++, and Python code included.
Programming Languages History — Creators, Origins & Evolution
Every programming language was created to solve a problem. This is the history behind the major languages — who invented C, Python, Java, Rust and more, when, and why.
Polymorphism in Object-Oriented Programming: Overloading, Overriding and Duck Typing in C++, Java and Python
How one call runs different code for different objects: overloading, overriding, virtual functions, generics and duck typing in C++, Java and Python.
Objects in Object-Oriented Programming: Identity, State, Copying and Lifetime in C++, Java and Python
Why q = p1 copies an object in C++ but shares it in Java and Python, how equality differs from identity, and how each language ends an object’s life.
Classes in Object-Oriented Programming: Members, Constructors and Static Members in C++, Java and Python
One Temperature class written in C++, Java and Python, what a class stores once versus per object, and why a Python list in a class body was shared.